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The Academy's Evolution Site Biology is a key concept in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those interested in the sciences learn about the theory of evolution and how it is incorporated across all areas of scientific research. This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a range of educational resources on evolution. It has key video clips from NOVA and the WGBH-produced science programs on DVD. Tree of Life The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, represents the interconnectedness of all life. It is a symbol of love and unity across many cultures. It also has many practical applications, such as providing a framework to understand the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in the environment. The earliest attempts to depict the world of biology focused on categorizing organisms into distinct categories which had been distinguished by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods are based on the sampling of different parts of organisms, or DNA fragments, have significantly increased the diversity of a Tree of Life2. These trees are largely composed by eukaryotes, and the diversity of bacterial species is greatly underrepresented3,4. Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to represent the Tree of Life by circumventing the need for direct observation and experimentation. Trees can be constructed using molecular techniques like the small-subunit ribosomal gene. Despite the rapid growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a large amount of biodiversity is waiting to be discovered. This is especially the case for microorganisms which are difficult to cultivate, and are usually found in a single specimen5. A recent analysis of all genomes resulted in a rough draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a variety of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that have not yet been identified or the diversity of which is not thoroughly understood6. The expanded Tree of Life is particularly beneficial in assessing the biodiversity of an area, helping to determine if certain habitats require protection. The information is useful in many ways, including identifying new drugs, combating diseases and improving the quality of crops. It is also beneficial for conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying areas that are most likely to be home to cryptic species, which may have important metabolic functions and are susceptible to the effects of human activity. While funds to protect biodiversity are crucial but the most effective way to protect the world's biodiversity is for more people in developing countries to be empowered with the knowledge to act locally to promote conservation from within. Phylogeny A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) depicts the relationships between organisms. Utilizing molecular data, morphological similarities and differences or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can create a phylogenetic tree which illustrates the evolutionary relationship between taxonomic groups. Phylogeny is essential in understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics. 에볼루션코리아 (see Figure PageIndex 10 Identifies the relationships between organisms with similar characteristics and have evolved from an ancestor that shared traits. These shared traits can be either analogous or homologous. Homologous traits are identical in their underlying evolutionary path while analogous traits appear like they do, but don't have the same origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping referred to as a Clade. Every organism in a group have a common characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor with these eggs. A phylogenetic tree can be constructed by connecting the clades to determine the organisms which are the closest to each other. For a more detailed and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise than morphological data and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism or group. The use of molecular data lets researchers determine the number of species who share an ancestor common to them and estimate their evolutionary age. The phylogenetic relationships between organisms are influenced by many factors including phenotypic plasticity, a type of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can make a trait appear more resembling to one species than to the other and obscure the phylogenetic signals. However, 에볼루션 카지노 사이트 can be solved through the use of methods such as cladistics which include a mix of homologous and analogous features into the tree. Furthermore, phylogenetics may aid in predicting the length and speed of speciation. This information can assist conservation biologists decide which species they should protect from the threat of extinction. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic variety that will lead to an ecosystem that is complete and balanced. Evolutionary Theory The fundamental concept in evolution is that organisms alter over time because of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have proposed theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that an organism would evolve according to its individual needs as well as the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical system of taxonomy as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who suggested that the use or absence of certain traits can result in changes that are passed on to the next generation. In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from a variety of fields—including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance—came together to form the current evolutionary theory synthesis that explains how evolution happens through the variation of genes within a population and how these variants change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which incorporates mutations, genetic drift in gene flow, and sexual selection is mathematically described. Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated that variations can be introduced into a species through mutation, genetic drift, and reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction, as well as through the movement of populations. These processes, as well as other ones like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time), can lead to evolution that is defined as change in the genome of the species over time and the change in phenotype over time (the expression of that genotype within the individual). Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education could increase student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny and evolutionary. In a recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues., it was shown that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their understanding of evolution in the course of a college biology. For more information on how to teach about evolution, see The Evolutionary Potency in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Integrating Evolution into Life Sciences Education. Evolution in Action Scientists have studied evolution through looking back in the past, analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. But evolution isn't just something that happened in the past, it's an ongoing process, taking place in the present. The virus reinvents itself to avoid new antibiotics and bacteria transform to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior because of a changing environment. 에볼루션 카지노 사이트 resulting changes are often visible. It wasn't until late-1980s that biologists realized that natural selection could be seen in action, as well. The key is the fact that different traits result in a different rate of survival as well as reproduction, and may be passed on from one generation to another. In the past, if a certain allele – the genetic sequence that determines colour was present in a population of organisms that interbred, it might become more prevalent than any other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of black moths within a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics—including morphology and behavior—that vary among populations of organisms. It is easier to track evolution when an organism, like bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. The samples of each population have been collected regularly and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed. Lenski's research has revealed that a mutation can profoundly alter the rate at which a population reproduces and, consequently the rate at which it alters. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, something that is hard for some to accept. Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides appear more frequently in populations where insecticides are employed. That's because the use of pesticides creates a selective pressure that favors people with resistant genotypes. The rapid pace at which evolution can take place has led to a growing awareness of its significance in a world shaped by human activities, including climate changes, pollution and the loss of habitats which prevent many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make smarter decisions regarding the future of our planet, and the lives of its inhabitants.