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What is Free Evolution? 에볼루션 블랙잭 is the notion that the natural processes of living organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the development of new species and change in appearance of existing species. This is evident in numerous examples of stickleback fish species that can be found in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect varieties that have a preference for specific host plants. These are mostly reversible traits, however, cannot explain fundamental changes in basic body plans. Evolution by Natural Selection Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living organisms that inhabit our planet for ages. The most widely accepted explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection, which is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more effectively than those that are less well-adapted. Over time, the population of well-adapted individuals grows and eventually forms an entirely new species. Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of three factors: variation, reproduction and inheritance. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the transfer of a person's genetic characteristics to the offspring of that person that includes dominant and recessive alleles. Reproduction is the process of creating fertile, viable offspring. This can be accomplished via sexual or asexual methods. Natural selection can only occur when all of these factors are in balance. For instance, if the dominant allele of a gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more often than the recessive allele the dominant allele will be more common in the population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or decreases the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. The process is self reinforcing, which means that an organism that has an adaptive trait will live and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive feature. The more offspring an organism produces the more fit it is, which is measured by its capacity to reproduce itself and live. Individuals with favorable traits, like a longer neck in giraffes and bright white colors in male peacocks are more likely to survive and produce offspring, which means they will make up the majority of the population over time. Natural selection is only a factor in populations and not on individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory that states that animals acquire traits through use or lack of use. For instance, if a animal's neck is lengthened by reaching out to catch prey and its offspring will inherit a longer neck. The length difference between generations will continue until the giraffe's neck becomes so long that it can not breed with other giraffes. Evolution by Genetic Drift In genetic drift, alleles at a gene may attain different frequencies in a population through random events. At some point, one will attain fixation (become so widespread that it cannot be removed through natural selection) and the other alleles drop to lower frequency. This can result in an allele that is dominant in extreme. The other alleles are essentially eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small population this could result in the complete elimination of the recessive allele. This is known as the bottleneck effect and is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs whenever a large number individuals migrate to form a population. A phenotypic bottleneck may also occur when survivors of a disaster such as an outbreak or mass hunt event are confined to a small area. The surviving individuals will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele, which means that they will all have the same phenotype and consequently share the same fitness characteristics. This situation might be caused by a war, an earthquake, or even a plague. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct population that remains could be susceptible to genetic drift. Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew utilize a “purely outcome-oriented” definition of drift as any departure from the expected values of differences in fitness. They provide a well-known instance of twins who are genetically identical, share identical phenotypes but one is struck by lightening and dies while the other lives and reproduces. This kind of drift can be vital to the evolution of a species. 에볼루션게이밍 isn't the only method of evolution. The primary alternative is a process called natural selection, where the phenotypic variation of a population is maintained by mutation and migration. Stephens claims that there is a significant difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or as a cause and treating other causes of evolution like mutation, selection, and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal mechanism account of drift permits us to differentiate it from other forces, and that this distinction is vital. He also claims that drift is a directional force: that is it tends to eliminate heterozygosity, and that it also has a magnitude, that is determined by the size of population. Evolution by Lamarckism Biology students in high school are frequently exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is often known as “Lamarckism” and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms via the inherited characteristics that result from an organism's natural activities use and misuse. Lamarckism is illustrated through the giraffe's neck being extended to reach higher branches in the trees. This process would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, which then get taller. Lamarck Lamarck, a French Zoologist from France, presented an innovative idea in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged conventional wisdom on organic transformation. According to him living things evolved from inanimate matter via an escalating series of steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this might be the case, but the general consensus is that he was the one giving the subject its first broad and thorough treatment. The most popular story is that Lamarckism was a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection, and that the two theories fought out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won and led to the creation of what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits can be passed down and instead argues organisms evolve by the selective influence of environmental elements, like Natural Selection. Lamarck and his contemporaries supported the idea that acquired characters could be passed on to the next generation. However, this concept was never a major part of any of their evolutionary theories. This is partly because it was never scientifically tested. It has been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth and in the field of age genomics, there is an increasing evidence base that supports the heritability acquired characteristics. It is sometimes referred to as “neo-Lamarckism” or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. This is a version that is as reliable as the popular neodarwinian model. Evolution through the process of adaptation One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle to survive. This is a false assumption and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival is better described as a struggle to survive in a particular environment. This can include not just other organisms but also the physical environment. To understand how evolution functions it is important to think about what adaptation is. The term “adaptation” refers to any specific characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physiological structure like feathers or fur or a behavior like moving into shade in hot weather or coming out at night to avoid the cold. The capacity of a living thing to extract energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms and their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism must have the right genes for producing offspring and be able find sufficient food and resources. The organism should also be able reproduce at an amount that is appropriate for its niche. These factors, in conjunction with gene flow and mutations, can lead to a shift in the proportion of different alleles within a population’s gene pool. This shift in the frequency of alleles could lead to the development of new traits, and eventually, new species over time. Many of the features that we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, like the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur for insulation long legs to run away from predators and camouflage to hide. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires attention to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral traits. Physiological adaptations like the thick fur or gills are physical traits, whereas behavioral adaptations, like the tendency to search for companions or to retreat into the shade in hot weather, aren't. It is also important to keep in mind that insufficient planning does not result in an adaptation. In fact, failure to consider the consequences of a decision can render it ineffective, despite the fact that it might appear logical or even necessary.